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Crusades
Even if the "dark"' Middle Ages in Christian Europe was not as backward as often claimed, the high culture of Islamic countries was amazing.
- writings, knowledge from ancient times
- trade with Africa, India, China
- promotion of science and art
- tolerance towards "book believers"
provided for a rich culture, which was often adopted by the crusaders.
Cultural Exchange
The crusaders encountered many things in the Orient that they did not yet know. Often they did not invent their own words for new things, but adopted the already existing Arabic word. Many terms show the influence of Arabic on the English language:
COFFEE
(قهوة)
ORANGE
برتقال
ALGEBRA
(الجبــر)
ALCOHOL
(الكُحُـــــــــول.)
ALCHEMY & CHEMISTRY
(الكيميـــــــــاء.)
CANDY
(from قندي)
an extraction process from a mineral,
European chemists began to refer to anything involving extraction/distillation as alcohol.
a mathematical discipline
fruit, originally from South and East Asia,
known in Sanskrit as naranga, which became the Arabic naranj.
put together“hard sweets made by boiling cane sugar”for long snubbed by Europeans as the “wine of the infidels”—that is,
many centuries before the age of Starbucks and instant coffee!
part 2
ELIXIR
(الإكسيــــــــــــــر)
SOFA
(الصُفــــــــة)
ARTICHOKE
SODA
(صـــــــــودا.)
SUGAR
(سكر)
CIPHER
(صِفـــــــــــــــــــــــــــر)
chemical compounds containing sodium
cushioned item of furniture
for seating multiple people
Arabic word for zero صفر (sifr)
raised, carpeted platform
on which people sat.
Sanskrit (śarkarā),
meaning "ground or candied sugar"variety of a species of thistle cultivated as food.like a syrupnot easily understood,
so used for encrypted code
part 3
ARSENAL
( دار الصناعــــــــــــــــة )
COTTON
(قُطْـــــــــن)
MATTRESS
(مطـــــــــــــــــــرح.)
ADMIRAL
(أميــــــــر الرحلة)
ASSASSIN
(حشَّــــــــــــــاشين”)
MAGAZINE
( مجلة)
soft, fluffy staple fiber
used for textilesstore househitman, murderercommander of the fleetlarge, usually rectangular pad where you can lie and sleep
manufacturing house
where weapons for the navy are made.jpg)
Arabic, Latin or Greek?
Some words originated in Greek, were translated into Arabic and found their way into the English language:
Sort the loan words after their original language:
Latin
Greek
Arabic
algebraguitarcherryjuristtambourinesafaritragedywinedemocracyartichokeprocesscipherchambertariffsafranpeachmonologueMathsstreetphilosophyalcohol
Sort the following Arabic loan words after topics:
Science
Music
Furniture
Spice / Fruit
Beverages
Textiles
German: Kittelmuskatdiwandamastpeachsafranjacketriskcottonmattressmosaikalcoholguitarciphersugaralgorithmlute
(German: Laute)baldachinazurelemonadealgebrasofafanfare trumpetGerman: Mützetambourineorangeelixircoffee
counting and calculating
The merchant and mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci from Pisa triggered a mathematical revolution with his book "Liber abaci". He noticed:
The nine numbers of the Indians are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I.
With them and with the sign 0, which is called "sifr" in Arabic,you can write every number you want.
- Where do the "Arabic" numbers really come from?
- How do you pronounce 0 in English? Do you know which original language it's from?
- Compare the addition tasks below with each other and then fill in the missing words in the following text.
Roman Numerals
MM
+ XVIII
_____________________
MMXVIII
=================
Arabic Numerals
2000
+ 18
_____________________
2018
=================
The numerical values are in both tasks. There are two advantages to written arithmetic with numerals:
With the numerals, there is no numeral sign for the numerical value .
In the spoken form, Roman numerals, like Arabic numerals, are structured according to the . In the written form, however, the Roman numerals lack the division into "ones", "tens", "hundreds", "twos" and "threes". hundreds
ArabicRomanthe samezero, etc.ten system
fun stuff
I can't believe this:
Vocabulary
crusader = Kreuzzügler, Kreuzritter
crusade = Kreuzzug
crusade = religious war to free the Holy Land (= Jerusalem, Palestine)
Why - because pilgrims wanted to visit the place where Jesus had lived.
