Crusades
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Cultural Exchange
| ORANGE برتقال |
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fruit, originally from South and East Asia, known in Sanskrit as naranga, which became the Arabic naranj. |
| ALCOHOL (الكُحُـــــــــول.) |
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an extraction process from a mineral, European chemists began to refer to anything involving extraction/distillation as alcohol. |
| ALCHEMY and CHEMISTRY (الكيميـــــــــاء.) |
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put together |
| ALGEBRA (الجبــر) |
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a mathematical discipline |
| ARTICHOKE |  |
variety of a species of thistle cultivated as food. |
| CANDY (from قندي) |
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“hard sweets made by boiling cane sugar” |
| COFFEE (قهوة) |  |
for long snubbed by Europeans as the “wine of the infidels”—that is, many centuries before the age of Starbucks and instant coffee! |
| COTTON (قُطْـــــــــن) |
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soft, fluffy staple fiber used for textiles |
| MATTRESS (مطـــــــــــــــــــرح.) |
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large, usually rectangular pad where you can lie and sleep |
part 2
| SOFA (الصُفــــــــة)< |
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cushioned item of furniture for seating multiple people | raised, carpeted platform on which people sat. |
| SUGAR (سكر) |
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Sanskrit (śarkarā), meaning "ground or candied sugar" | |
| CIPHER (صِفـــــــــــــــــــــــــــر) |  |
Arabic word for zero صفر (sifr) | not easily understood, so used for encrypted code |
| ELIXIR (الإكسيــــــــــــــر) |
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like a syrup | |
| SODA (صـــــــــودا.) |
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chemical compounds containing sodium | |
| ADMIRAL (أميــــــــر الرحلة) |
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commander of the fleet | |
| ARSENAL ( دار الصناعــــــــــــــــة ) |
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manufacturing house where weapons for the navy are made | |
| MAGAZINE ( مجلة) |
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store house | |
| ASSASSIN (حشَّــــــــــــــاشين”) |
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hitman, murderer |
Vocabulary
crusader = Kreuzzügler, Kreuzritter
crusade = Kreuzzug
crusade = religious war to free the Holy Land (= Jerusalem, Palestine)
Why - because pilgrims wanted to visit the place where Jesus had lived.
