Crusades: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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[[Datei:Mansur1911.jpg|mini|Page out of ''Tashrīḥi Manṣūri'', about 1450<br>visible are arteries and nerves]]
[[Datei:Mansur1911.jpg|mini|Page out of ''Tashrīḥi Manṣūri'', about 1450<br>visible are arteries and nerves]]
Even if the '''"dark"'''' Middle Ages in Christian Europe was not as backward as often claimed, the high culture of Islamic countries astonished.
Even if the '''"dark"'''' Middle Ages in Christian Europe was not as backward as often claimed, the high culture of Islamic countries was amazing.
* writings, knowledge from ancient times                            
* writings, knowledge from ancient times                            
* Trade with Africa, India, China                          
* trade with Africa, India, China                          
* Promotion of science and art    
* promotion of science and art    
* Tolerance towards "book believers
* tolerance towards "book believers"


provided for a rich culture, which was often adopted by the crusaders.
provided for a rich culture, which was often adopted by the crusaders.


{{#ev:youtube|koVo8ZgtR94}}
__NOTOC__
== Cultural Exchange ==
== Cultural Exchange ==
The crusaders encountered many things in the Orient that they did not yet know. Often they did not invent their own words for new things, but adopted the already existing Arabic word. Many terms show the influence of Arabic on the English language:
The crusaders encountered many things in the Orient that they did not yet know. Often they did not invent their own words for new things, but adopted the already existing Arabic word. Many terms show the influence of Arabic on the English language:
Zeile 13: Zeile 15:
<div class="zuordnungs-quiz" lang="en">
<div class="zuordnungs-quiz" lang="en">
{|  
{|  
| ORANGE<br>برتقال ||[[datei:Orange Sliced White Background.jpg|100px]]  || fruit, originally from South and East Asia, known in Sanskrit as naranga, which became the Arabic naranj.
| ORANGE<br>برتقال ||[[datei:Orange Sliced White Background.jpg|100px]]  || fruit, originally from South and East Asia, <br>known in Sanskrit as naranga, which became the Arabic naranj.
|-
|-
| ALCOHOL<br>(الكُحُـــــــــول.) ||  [[Datei:Glencairn Glass-pjt.jpg|50px]] || an extraction process from a mineral, <br>European chemists began to refer to anything involving extraction/distillation as alcohol.
| ALCOHOL<br>(الكُحُـــــــــول.) ||  [[Datei:Glencairn Glass-pjt.jpg|50px]] || an extraction process from a mineral, <br>European chemists began to refer to anything involving extraction/distillation as alcohol.
|-
|-
| ALCHEMY and CHEMISTRY<br> (الكيميـــــــــاء.) || [[datei:Chemistrylogo.svg|100px]] || ''put together''
| ALCHEMY &amp; CHEMISTRY<br> (الكيميـــــــــاء.) || [[datei:Chemistrylogo.svg|100px]] || ''put together''
|-
|-
| ALGEBRA<br> (الجبــر)  || [[datei:Algebra2 sistnlin fig002 prbl.svg|100px]] || a mathematical discipline
| ALGEBRA<br> (الجبــر)  || [[datei:Algebra2 sistnlin fig002 prbl.svg|100px]] || a mathematical discipline
|-
|-
| ARTICHOKE || [[datei:Adolphe Millot artichaut de laon.jpg|100px]] || variety of a species of thistle cultivated as food.
| CANDY<br> (from قندي)|| [[File:Ambigram Candy icon - pink animated.gif|100px]] || “hard sweets made by boiling cane sugar”
|-
| CANDY<br> (from قندي)|| [[File:Candy_in_Damascus.jpg|100px]] || “hard sweets made by boiling cane sugar”
|-
|-
|COFFEE<br> (قهوة) || [[datei:Roasted coffee beans.jpg|100px]] || for long snubbed by Europeans as the “wine of the infidels”—that is, <br>many centuries before the age of Starbucks and instant coffee!
|COFFEE<br> (قهوة) || [[datei:Roasted coffee beans.jpg|100px]] || for long snubbed by Europeans as the “wine of the infidels”—that is, <br>many centuries before the age of Starbucks and instant coffee!
|-
| COTTON<br> (قُطْـــــــــن)|| [[datei:Upland cotton pulled out of a boll before harvest. (24490308693).jpg|100px]] || soft, fluffy staple fiber<br>used for textiles
|-
| MATTRESS<br> (مطـــــــــــــــــــرح.)|| [[datei:Pillowtop-mattress.jpg|100px]] || large, usually rectangular pad where you can lie and sleep
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
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<div class="zuordnungs-quiz" lang="en">
<div class="zuordnungs-quiz" lang="en">
{|  
{|  
| SOFA<br> (الصُفــــــــة)<||[[datei:Sofa Clip Art.jpg|100px]]  || cushioned item of furniture for seating multiple people || raised, carpeted platform on which people sat.
| SOFA<br> (الصُفــــــــة)||[[datei:Sofa Clip Art.jpg|100px]]  || cushioned item of furniture<br> for seating multiple people || raised, carpeted platform<br> on which people sat.
|-
|-
| SUGAR <br>(سكر) ||  [[Datei:Sugar cubes.jpg|100px]] ||  Sanskrit (śarkarā), meaning "ground or candied sugar"
| SUGAR <br>(سكر) ||  [[Datei:Sugar cubes.jpg|100px]] ||  Sanskrit (śarkarā),<br>meaning "ground or candied sugar"
|-
|-
| CIPHER<br> (صِفـــــــــــــــــــــــــــر)  || [[datei:"0" - geograph.org.uk - 2112765.jpg|100px]] || Arabic word for zero صفر (sifr)  || not easily understood, <br>so used for encrypted code
| CIPHER<br> (صِفـــــــــــــــــــــــــــر)  || [[datei:"0" - geograph.org.uk - 2112765.jpg|100px]] || Arabic word for zero صفر (sifr)  || not easily understood, <br>so used for encrypted code
Zeile 45: Zeile 41:
| SODA<br> (صـــــــــودا.)|| [[datei:Gin and Tonic with ingredients.jpg|100px]] || chemical compounds containing sodium
| SODA<br> (صـــــــــودا.)|| [[datei:Gin and Tonic with ingredients.jpg|100px]] || chemical compounds containing sodium
|-
|-
| ARTICHOKE || [[datei:Adolphe Millot artichaut de laon.jpg|75px]] || variety of a species of thistle cultivated as food.
|}
</div>
'''part 3'''
<div class="zuordnungs-quiz" lang="en">
{|
| ADMIRAL<br> (أميــــــــر الرحلة)|| [[File:Rear Admiral Suraj Berry.jpg|100px]] || commander of the fleet
| ADMIRAL<br> (أميــــــــر الرحلة)|| [[File:Rear Admiral Suraj Berry.jpg|100px]] || commander of the fleet
|-
|-
Zeile 52: Zeile 55:
|-
|-
| ASSASSIN<br> (حشَّــــــــــــــاشين”)|| [[datei:Assassination.png|100px]] ||hitman, murderer
| ASSASSIN<br> (حشَّــــــــــــــاشين”)|| [[datei:Assassination.png|100px]] ||hitman, murderer
|-
| COTTON<br> (قُطْـــــــــن)|| [[datei:Upland cotton pulled out of a boll before harvest. (24490308693).jpg|100px]] || soft, fluffy staple fiber<br>used for textiles
|-
| MATTRESS<br> (مطـــــــــــــــــــرح.)|| [[datei:Pillowtop-mattress.jpg|75px]] || large, usually rectangular pad where you can lie and sleep
|}
|}
</div>
</div>


=== Arabic, Latin or Greek? ===
=== Arabic, Latin or Greek? ===
Some words originated in Greek, were translated into Arabic ad found their way into the English language:
Some words originated in Greek, were translated into Arabic and found their way into the English language:


'''Sort the loan words after their original language:'''
'''Sort the loan words after their original language:'''
Zeile 62: Zeile 69:


{|  
{|  
| '''Arabic''' || guitar || alcohol || cipher|| algebra ||  safran || tariff || tambourine || artichocke || safari
| '''Arabic''' || guitar || alcohol || cipher|| algebra ||  safran || tariff || tambourine || artichoke || safari
|-
|-
| '''Greekh''' || philosophy || tragedy|| Maths || democracy ||monologue ||
| '''Greek''' || philosophy || tragedy|| Maths || democracy ||monologue ||
|-
|-
| '''Latin''' || cherry || wine || process ||jurist || peach ||chamber || street
| '''Latin''' || cherry || wine || process ||jurist || peach ||chamber || street
Zeile 70: Zeile 77:
</div>
</div>


'''Sort the following Arabic loand words after topics:'''
'''Sort the following Arabic loan words after topics:'''
<div class="zuordnungs-quiz" lang="en">
<div class="zuordnungs-quiz" lang="en">


Zeile 76: Zeile 83:
| '''Spice / Fruit <br>Beverages''' || coffee || alcohol || lemonade ||  safran || muskat || orange || sugar || peach  
| '''Spice / Fruit <br>Beverages''' || coffee || alcohol || lemonade ||  safran || muskat || orange || sugar || peach  
|-
|-
| '''Textiles''' || cotton || damast|| jacket || ''Kittel'' || ''Mütze''
| '''Textiles''' || cotton || damast|| jacket || German: ''Kittel'' || German: ''Mütze''
|-
|-
| '''Furniture''' || Mattress || sofa || mosaik || diwan || baldachin
| '''Furniture''' || mattress || sofa || mosaik || diwan || baldachin
|-
|-
| '''Music''' || Lute<br>(German: Laute) || guitar|| tambourine || fanfare trumpet  
| '''Music''' || lute<br>(German: Laute) || guitar|| tambourine || fanfare trumpet  
|-
|-
| '''Science''' || cipher || algebra || elixir || azure || algorithm || risk
| '''Science''' || cipher || algebra || elixir || azure || algorithm || risk
Zeile 95: Zeile 102:
you can write every number you want.|}}
you can write every number you want.|}}


{{Aufgabe|# Where do the "Arabic" numbers really come from?  
{{Aufgabe-en|# Where do the "Arabic" numbers really come from?  
# How do you pronounce '''0''' in English? Do you know which original language it's from?
# How do you pronounce '''0''' in English? Do you know which original language it's from?
# Compare the addition tasks below with each other and then fill in the missing words in the following text.}}
# Compare the addition tasks below with each other and then fill in the missing words in the following text.}}
Zeile 127: Zeile 134:
In the spoken form, Roman numerals, like Arabic numerals, are structured according to the ''ten system''. In the written form, however, the Roman numerals lack the division into "ones", "tens", "hundreds", "twos" and "threes". hundreds'', etc.
In the spoken form, Roman numerals, like Arabic numerals, are structured according to the ''ten system''. In the written form, however, the Roman numerals lack the division into "ones", "tens", "hundreds", "twos" and "threes". hundreds'', etc.
</div>
</div>
'''fun stuff'''
I can't believe this:
[[Datei:Arabic numerals-poll.jpg|thumb|left|Umfrage, ob man Arabische Zahlen in Schulen lehren sollte.|link=https://twitter.com/suhaibkhan/status/1127697610741911553]]
{{clear}}


== Vocabulary ==
== Vocabulary ==

Aktuelle Version vom 21. Januar 2023, 05:24 Uhr

Page out of Tashrīḥi Manṣūri, about 1450
visible are arteries and nerves

Even if the "dark"' Middle Ages in Christian Europe was not as backward as often claimed, the high culture of Islamic countries was amazing.

  • writings, knowledge from ancient times                          
  • trade with Africa, India, China                          
  • promotion of science and art  
  • tolerance towards "book believers"

provided for a rich culture, which was often adopted by the crusaders.

Video laden
YouTube

Cultural Exchange

The crusaders encountered many things in the Orient that they did not yet know. Often they did not invent their own words for new things, but adopted the already existing Arabic word. Many terms show the influence of Arabic on the English language:

ORANGE
برتقال		 Orange Sliced White Background.jpg fruit, originally from South and East Asia,
known in Sanskrit as naranga, which became the Arabic naranj.
ALCOHOL
(الكُحُـــــــــول.)		 Glencairn Glass-pjt.jpg an extraction process from a mineral,
European chemists began to refer to anything involving extraction/distillation as alcohol.
ALCHEMY & CHEMISTRY
(الكيميـــــــــاء.)		 Chemistrylogo.svg put together
ALGEBRA
(الجبــر) 		 Algebra2 sistnlin fig002 prbl.svg a mathematical discipline
CANDY
(from قندي)		 Ambigram Candy icon - pink animated.gif “hard sweets made by boiling cane sugar”
COFFEE
(قهوة)		 Roasted coffee beans.jpg for long snubbed by Europeans as the “wine of the infidels”—that is,
many centuries before the age of Starbucks and instant coffee!

part 2

SOFA
(الصُفــــــــة)		 Sofa Clip Art.jpg cushioned item of furniture
for seating multiple people		 raised, carpeted platform
on which people sat.
SUGAR
(سكر)		 Sugar cubes.jpg Sanskrit (śarkarā),
meaning "ground or candied sugar"
CIPHER
(صِفـــــــــــــــــــــــــــر)		 "0" - geograph.org.uk - 2112765.jpg Arabic word for zero صفر (sifr) not easily understood,
so used for encrypted code
ELIXIR
(الإكسيــــــــــــــر)  		 Three early medicine bottles.jpg like a syrup
SODA
(صـــــــــودا.)		 Gin and Tonic with ingredients.jpg chemical compounds containing sodium
ARTICHOKE Adolphe Millot artichaut de laon.jpg variety of a species of thistle cultivated as food.

part 3

ADMIRAL
(أميــــــــر الرحلة)		 Rear Admiral Suraj Berry.jpg commander of the fleet
ARSENAL
( دار الصناعــــــــــــــــة )		 View of the entrance to the Arsenal by Canaletto, 1732.jpg manufacturing house
where weapons for the navy are made
MAGAZINE
( مجلة)		 South African Naval Museum Simon's Town.jpg store house
ASSASSIN
(حشَّــــــــــــــاشين”)		 Assassination.png hitman, murderer
COTTON
(قُطْـــــــــن)		 Upland cotton pulled out of a boll before harvest. (24490308693).jpg soft, fluffy staple fiber
used for textiles
MATTRESS
(مطـــــــــــــــــــرح.)		 Pillowtop-mattress.jpg large, usually rectangular pad where you can lie and sleep

Arabic, Latin or Greek?

Some words originated in Greek, were translated into Arabic and found their way into the English language:

Sort the loan words after their original language:

Arabic guitar alcohol cipher algebra safran tariff tambourine artichoke safari
Greek philosophy tragedy Maths democracy monologue
Latin cherry wine process jurist peach chamber street

Sort the following Arabic loan words after topics:

Spice / Fruit
Beverages		 coffee alcohol lemonade safran muskat orange sugar peach
Textiles cotton damast jacket German: Kittel German: Mütze
Furniture mattress sofa mosaik diwan baldachin
Music lute
(German: Laute)		 guitar tambourine fanfare trumpet
Science cipher algebra elixir azure algorithm risk

counting and calculating

The merchant and mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci from Pisa triggered a mathematical revolution with his book "Liber abaci". He noticed:


The nine numbers of the Indians are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I.
With them and with the sign 0, which is called "sifr" in Arabic,

you can write every number you want.

Task
  1. Where do the "Arabic" numbers really come from?
  2. How do you pronounce 0 in English? Do you know which original language it's from?
  3. Compare the addition tasks below with each other and then fill in the missing words in the following text.



Roman Numerals

MM

+     XVIII

_____________________

MMXVIII

=================

Arabic Numerals

2000

+         18

_____________________

2018

=================

The numerical values are the same in both tasks. There are two advantages to written arithmetic with Arabic numerals:

With the Roman numerals, there is no numeral sign for the numerical value zero.

In the spoken form, Roman numerals, like Arabic numerals, are structured according to the ten system. In the written form, however, the Roman numerals lack the division into "ones", "tens", "hundreds", "twos" and "threes". hundreds, etc.

fun stuff

I can't believe this:

Umfrage, ob man Arabische Zahlen in Schulen lehren sollte.



Vocabulary

crusader = Kreuzzügler, Kreuzritter

crusade = Kreuzzug

crusade = religious war to free the Holy Land (= Jerusalem, Palestine)

Why - because pilgrims wanted to visit the place where Jesus had lived.

Weblinks

Abgerufen von „https://unterrichten.zum.de/index.php?title=Crusades&oldid=133202“