Crusades

Page out of Tashrīḥi Manṣūri, about 1450
visible are arteries and nerves

Even if the "dark"' Middle Ages in Christian Europe was not as backward as often claimed, the high culture of Islamic countries was amazing.

• writings, knowledge from ancient times                          
• trade with Africa, India, China                          
• promotion of science and art  
• tolerance towards "book believers"

provided for a rich culture, which was often adopted by the crusaders.

The Time of the Crusades – a Change of Perspective | Museum für Islamische Kunst

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Cultural Exchange

The crusaders encountered many things in the Orient that they did not yet know. Often they did not invent their own words for new things, but adopted the already existing Arabic word. Many terms show the influence of Arabic on the English language:

ALCOHOL
(الكُحُـــــــــول.)

ALGEBRA
(الجبــر)

ORANGE
برتقال

ALCHEMY & CHEMISTRY
(الكيميـــــــــاء.)

CANDY
(from قندي)

COFFEE
(قهوة)

fruit, originally from South and East Asia,
known in Sanskrit as naranga, which became the Arabic naranj.“hard sweets made by boiling cane sugar”put togetherfor long snubbed by Europeans as the “wine of the infidels”—that is,
many centuries before the age of Starbucks and instant coffee!an extraction process from a mineral,
European chemists began to refer to anything involving extraction/distillation as alcohol.a mathematical discipline

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part 2

ARTICHOKE

SUGAR
(سكر)

ELIXIR
(الإكسيــــــــــــــر)

SOFA
(الصُفــــــــة)

SODA
(صـــــــــودا.)

CIPHER
(صِفـــــــــــــــــــــــــــر)

like a syrupcushioned item of furniture
for seating multiple peoplenot easily understood,
so used for encrypted codevariety of a species of thistle cultivated as food.raised, carpeted platform
on which people sat.chemical compounds containing sodiumArabic word for zero صفر (sifr)Sanskrit (śarkarā),
meaning "ground or candied sugar"

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part 3

MAGAZINE
( مجلة)

MATTRESS
(مطـــــــــــــــــــرح.)

ADMIRAL
(أميــــــــر الرحلة)

COTTON
(قُطْـــــــــن)

ASSASSIN
(حشَّــــــــــــــاشين”)

ARSENAL
( دار الصناعــــــــــــــــة )

store housecommander of the fleetlarge, usually rectangular pad where you can lie and sleepsoft, fluffy staple fiber
used for textileshitman, murderermanufacturing house
where weapons for the navy are made

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Arabic, Latin or Greek?

Some words originated in Greek, were translated into Arabic and found their way into the English language:

Sort the loan words after their original language:

Latin

Greek

Arabic

artichokepeachsafranMathsdemocracyprocesstambourinetragedyguitarstreetchambertariffwinejuristalcoholcipherphilosophycherrymonologuealgebrasafari

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Sort the following Arabic loan words after topics:

Furniture

Textiles

Music

Science

Spice / Fruit
Beverages

jacketrisktambourinemuskatsafranmosaiklute
(German: Laute)elixirorangediwancipherpeachmattressalgorithmGerman: KittelguitarsugarGerman: Mützelemonadecottonsofabaldachinalgebradamastfanfare trumpetalcoholcoffeeazure

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counting and calculating

The merchant and mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci from Pisa triggered a mathematical revolution with his book "Liber abaci". He noticed:

The nine numbers of the Indians are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I.
With them and with the sign 0, which is called "sifr" in Arabic,

you can write every number you want.

Task

1. Where do the "Arabic" numbers really come from?
2. How do you pronounce 0 in English? Do you know which original language it's from?
3. Compare the addition tasks below with each other and then fill in the missing words in the following text.

Roman Numerals

MM

+     XVIII

_____________________

MMXVIII

=================

Arabic Numerals

2000

+         18

_____________________

2018

=================

The numerical values are in both tasks. There are two advantages to written arithmetic with numerals:

With the numerals, there is no numeral sign for the numerical value .

In the spoken form, Roman numerals, like Arabic numerals, are structured according to the . In the written form, however, the Roman numerals lack the division into "ones", "tens", "hundreds", "twos" and "threes". hundreds

Arabicten system, etc.zeroRomanthe same

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fun stuff

I can't believe this:

Umfrage, ob man Arabische Zahlen in Schulen lehren sollte.

Vocabulary

crusader = Kreuzzügler, Kreuzritter

crusade = Kreuzzug

crusade = religious war to free the Holy Land (= Jerusalem, Palestine)

Why - because pilgrims wanted to visit the place where Jesus had lived.

Weblinks

• https://www.indy100.com/viral/words-we-borrowed-arabic
• https://blogs.transparent.com/arabic/top-50-english-words-of-arabic-origin/