Crusades

Page out of Tashrīḥi Manṣūri, about 1450
visible are arteries and nerves

Even if the "dark"' Middle Ages in Christian Europe was not as backward as often claimed, the high culture of Islamic countries was amazing.

• writings, knowledge from ancient times                          
• Trade with Africa, India, China                          
• Promotion of science and art  
• Tolerance towards "book believers"

provided for a rich culture, which was often adopted by the crusaders.

Cultural Exchange

The crusaders encountered many things in the Orient that they did not yet know. Often they did not invent their own words for new things, but adopted the already existing Arabic word. Many terms show the influence of Arabic on the English language:

ALCHEMY & CHEMISTRY
(الكيميـــــــــاء.)

ALCOHOL
(الكُحُـــــــــول.)

COFFEE
(قهوة)

ARTICHOKE

ORANGE
برتقال

ALGEBRA
(الجبــر)

CANDY
(from قندي)

“hard sweets made by boiling cane sugar”a mathematical disciplinefor long snubbed by Europeans as the “wine of the infidels”—that is,
many centuries before the age of Starbucks and instant coffee!variety of a species of thistle cultivated as food.fruit, originally from South and East Asia,
known in Sanskrit as naranga, which became the Arabic naranj.put togetheran extraction process from a mineral,
European chemists began to refer to anything involving extraction/distillation as alcohol.

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part 2

CIPHER
(صِفـــــــــــــــــــــــــــر)

SOFA
(الصُفــــــــة)

ELIXIR
(الإكسيــــــــــــــر)

SODA
(صـــــــــودا.)

SUGAR
(سكر)

chemical compounds containing sodiumraised, carpeted platform
on which people sat.Arabic word for zero صفر (sifr)Sanskrit (śarkarā),
meaning "ground or candied sugar"like a syrupnot easily understood,
so used for encrypted codecushioned item of furniture
for seating multiple people

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part 3

ASSASSIN
(حشَّــــــــــــــاشين”)

ADMIRAL
(أميــــــــر الرحلة)

MATTRESS
(مطـــــــــــــــــــرح.)

MAGAZINE
( مجلة)

COTTON
(قُطْـــــــــن)

ARSENAL
( دار الصناعــــــــــــــــة )

soft, fluffy staple fiber
used for textilesstore housemanufacturing house
where weapons for the navy are madehitman, murderercommander of the fleetlarge, usually rectangular pad where you can lie and sleep

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Arabic, Latin or Greek?

Some words originated in Greek, were translated into Arabic and found their way into the English language:

Sort the loan words after their original language:

Greek

Latin

Arabic

ciphermonologuealcoholalgebrawinephilosophydemocracyprocesschambersafarijuristtragedysafranstreetpeachtariffguitarMathstambourineartichokecherry

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Sort the following Arabic loan words after topics:

Music

Furniture

Textiles

Science

Spice / Fruit
Beverages

baldachinsafransofatambourinedamastorangecipheralcoholfanfare trumpetazurelemonadealgorithmmosaikmattressguitarmuskatriskpeachalgebraGerman: Mützecoffeesugarjacketelixirlute
(German: Laute)cottondiwanGerman: Kittel

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counting and calculating

The merchant and mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci from Pisa triggered a mathematical revolution with his book "Liber abaci". He noticed:

The nine numbers of the Indians are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I.
With them and with the sign 0, which is called "sifr" in Arabic,

you can write every number you want.

Aufgabe

1. Where do the "Arabic" numbers really come from?
2. How do you pronounce 0 in English? Do you know which original language it's from?
3. Compare the addition tasks below with each other and then fill in the missing words in the following text.

Roman Numerals

MM

+     XVIII

_____________________

MMXVIII

=================

Arabic Numerals

2000

+         18

_____________________

2018

=================

The numerical values are in both tasks. There are two advantages to written arithmetic with numerals:

With the numerals, there is no numeral sign for the numerical value .

In the spoken form, Roman numerals, like Arabic numerals, are structured according to the . In the written form, however, the Roman numerals lack the division into "ones", "tens", "hundreds", "twos" and "threes". hundreds

, etc.zeroten systemthe sameArabicRoman

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Vocabulary

crusader = Kreuzzügler, Kreuzritter

crusade = Kreuzzug

crusade = religious war to free the Holy Land (= Jerusalem, Palestine)

Why - because pilgrims wanted to visit the place where Jesus had lived.

Weblinks

• https://www.indy100.com/viral/words-we-borrowed-arabic
• https://blogs.transparent.com/arabic/top-50-english-words-of-arabic-origin/