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Crusades: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
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[[Datei:Mansur1911.jpg|mini|Page out of ''Tashrīḥi Manṣūri'', about 1450<br>visible are arteries and nerves]] | |||
Even if the '''"dark"'''' Middle Ages in Christian Europe was not as backward as often claimed, the high culture of Islamic countries astonished. | |||
* writings, knowledge from ancient times | |||
* Trade with Africa, India, China | |||
* Promotion of science and art | |||
* Tolerance towards "book believers | |||
provided for a rich culture, which was often adopted by the crusaders. | |||
== Cultural Exchange == | == Cultural Exchange == | ||
The crusaders encountered many things in the Orient that they did not yet know. Often they did not invent their own words for new things, but adopted the already existing Arabic word. Many terms show the influence of Arabic on the English language: | The crusaders encountered many things in the Orient that they did not yet know. Often they did not invent their own words for new things, but adopted the already existing Arabic word. Many terms show the influence of Arabic on the English language: | ||
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| '''Science''' || cipher || algebra || elixir || azure || algorithm || risk | | '''Science''' || cipher || algebra || elixir || azure || algorithm || risk | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | |||
== counting and calculating == | |||
The merchant and mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci from Pisa triggered a mathematical revolution with his book "Liber abaci". He noticed: | |||
{{Zitat| | |||
The nine numbers of the Indians are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I.<br> | |||
With them and with the sign 0, which is called "sifr" in Arabic, | |||
you can write every number you want.|}} | |||
{{Aufgabe|# Where do the "Arabic" numbers really come from? | |||
# How do you pronounce '''0''' in English? Do you know which original language it's from? | |||
# Compare the addition tasks below with each other and then fill in the missing words in the following text.}} | |||
<div class="grid"> | |||
<div class="width-1-3"> | |||
'''Roman Numerals''' | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">MM</p> | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">+ XVIII</p> | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">_____________________</p> | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">MMXVIII</p> | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">=================</p> | |||
</div> | |||
<div class="width-1-3"> | |||
'''Arabic Numerals''' | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">2000</p> | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">+ 18</p> | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">_____________________</p> | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">2018</p> | |||
<p style="text-align:right;">=================</p> | |||
</div> <div class="width-1-3"></div> | |||
</div> | |||
<div class="lueckentext-quiz" lang="en"> | |||
The numerical values are ''the same'' in both tasks. There are two advantages to written arithmetic with ''Arabic'' numerals: | |||
With the ''Roman'' numerals, there is no numeral sign for the numerical value ''zero''. | |||
In the spoken form, Roman numerals, like Arabic numerals, are structured according to the ''ten system''. In the written form, however, the Roman numerals lack the division into "ones", "tens", "hundreds", "twos" and "threes". hundreds'', etc. | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
Version vom 8. Dezember 2022, 15:47 Uhr
Even if the "dark"' Middle Ages in Christian Europe was not as backward as often claimed, the high culture of Islamic countries astonished.
- writings, knowledge from ancient times
- Trade with Africa, India, China
- Promotion of science and art
- Tolerance towards "book believers
provided for a rich culture, which was often adopted by the crusaders.
Cultural Exchange
The crusaders encountered many things in the Orient that they did not yet know. Often they did not invent their own words for new things, but adopted the already existing Arabic word. Many terms show the influence of Arabic on the English language:
MATTRESS
(مطـــــــــــــــــــرح.)
CANDY
(from قندي)
ALCHEMY and CHEMISTRY
(الكيميـــــــــاء.)
ALCOHOL
(الكُحُـــــــــول.)
ARTICHOKE
COTTON
(قُطْـــــــــن)
ORANGE
برتقال
COFFEE
(قهوة)
ALGEBRA
(الجبــر)
for long snubbed by Europeans as the “wine of the infidels”—that is,
many centuries before the age of Starbucks and instant coffee!variety of a species of thistle cultivated as food.put together
soft, fluffy staple fiber
used for textilesan extraction process from a mineral,
European chemists began to refer to anything involving extraction/distillation as alcohol.
fruit, originally from South and East Asia, known in Sanskrit as naranga, which became the Arabic naranj.large, usually rectangular pad where you can lie and sleep
a mathematical discipline
.jpg)
“hard sweets made by boiling cane sugar”
part 2
SODA
(صـــــــــودا.)
ARSENAL
( دار الصناعــــــــــــــــة )
ELIXIR
(الإكسيــــــــــــــر)
ASSASSIN
(حشَّــــــــــــــاشين”)
MAGAZINE
( مجلة)
SUGAR
(سكر)
CIPHER
(صِفـــــــــــــــــــــــــــر)
ADMIRAL
(أميــــــــر الرحلة)
SOFA
(الصُفــــــــة)<
store housemanufacturing house
where weapons for the navy are made
chemical compounds containing sodiumArabic word for zero صفر (sifr)cushioned item of furniture for seating multiple people
commander of the fleetraised, carpeted platform on which people sat.Sanskrit (śarkarā), meaning "ground or candied sugar"hitman, murderernot easily understood,
so used for encrypted code
like a syrup
Arabic, Latin or Greek?
Some words originated in Greek, were translated into Arabic ad found their way into the English language:
Sort the loan words after their original language:
Arabic
Greekh
Latin
peachsafrandemocracychamberstreettarifftambourinephilosophysafariprocesscherryartichockeguitaralcoholMathstragedycipherwinealgebrajuristmonologue
Sort the following Arabic loand words after topics:
Science
Furniture
Spice / Fruit
Beverages
Music
Textiles
sofasugarmosaikdiwanlemonadejacketpeachsafrandamastMützeLute<br<(German: Laute)KittelcottonmuskatbaldachinMattressalcoholalgorithmriskalgebraazurecoffeeelixirtambourineguitarcipherfanfare trumpetorange
counting and calculating
The merchant and mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci from Pisa triggered a mathematical revolution with his book "Liber abaci". He noticed:
The nine numbers of the Indians are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I.
With them and with the sign 0, which is called "sifr" in Arabic,you can write every number you want.
- Where do the "Arabic" numbers really come from?
- How do you pronounce 0 in English? Do you know which original language it's from?
- Compare the addition tasks below with each other and then fill in the missing words in the following text.
Roman Numerals
MM
+ XVIII
_____________________
MMXVIII
=================
Arabic Numerals
2000
+ 18
_____________________
2018
=================
The numerical values are in both tasks. There are two advantages to written arithmetic with numerals:
With the numerals, there is no numeral sign for the numerical value .
In the spoken form, Roman numerals, like Arabic numerals, are structured according to the . In the written form, however, the Roman numerals lack the division into "ones", "tens", "hundreds", "twos" and "threes". hundreds
ten systemzeroRoman, etc.Arabicthe same
Vocabulary
crusader = Kreuzzügler, Kreuzritter
crusade = Kreuzzug
crusade = religious war to free the Holy Land (= Jerusalem, Palestine)
Why - because pilgrims wanted to visit the place where Jesus had lived.
