Quelltext der Seite Goodbye Bayern/Emigration after 1848

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-041316, Auswandererschiff "Samuel Hop".jpg|thumb|450px|right|German emigrants on their ship "Samuel Hop" on the way to the USA via Rotterdam and Le Havre, April 1849<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-041316,_Auswandererschiff_%22Samuel_Hop%22.jpg Wikimedia Commons] (Zeichnung von Leo von Elliot aus: [https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=izl&datum=18491111&seite=4&zoom=51 Leipziger Illustrirte Zeitung, 10. November 1849],  S.292).- Passengers on deck playing cards and music</ref>]]

[[File:Germans-emigrate-1874.jpg|thumb|left|450px|German emigrants board their ship]]
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== Preparations ==
[[Datei:Auswandererhaus_-_Bremerhaven_-_1850.jpg|400|right]]
Emigration took place via French, Dutch ports or ports on the North Sea coast, Bremen and Hamburg. In order to emigrate at all, those wishing to emigrate had to get, for example, for the Netherlands:
* a permit for emigration (from the Kingdom of Bavaria),
* a declaration of the emigrants' data to finance the stay in the Netherlands and the passage
* a notarized confirmed declaration of the Dutch shipowner with data about the ship with which the emigrants will be transported
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Then there were the costs. The travelers had to pay 50 fl ({{wpen|Gulden}}) alone for the first port in the New World, and the crossing cost 40 - 60 fl (without food). The Königlich Bayerische Intelligenzblatt für Mittelfranken warns of difficulties with the shipping companies or their captains in 1846<ref>[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10346277?cq=%22B%C3%BCcher+zu+Bayern%22+Intelligenzblatt+Mittelfranken+1846&p=1&lang=de Königlich Bayerisches Intelligenzblatt für Mittelfranken] (Bavarikon.de)</ref>. 
In 1862, the Stahelsche Buchhandlung published a handbook for emigrants on the subject of emigration. "Die Lehre von der Aus- und Einwanderung im Königreiche Bayern"<ref>[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10377866?cq=%22B%C3%BCcher+zu+Bayern%22+Aus-+und+Einwanderung&p=1&lang=de "Die Lehre von der Aus- und Einwanderung im Königreiche Bayern"] (bavarikon.de)</ref>

{{Aufgabe-en|# Look at the two charts.
## Describe where the emigrants came from. 
## Describe when the number of emigrants peaked. 
## Can you find a reason why there were so many from Pfalz and Franken?
}}
[[File:Auswanderung-bayern-usa.svg|thumb|400px|Emigrants 1845/46 - 1856/57 -Origin in Bavaria<ref>Emigrants 1845/46 - 1856/57 -Origin in Bavaria  (nach Beiträgen zur Statistik des Königreichs Bayern (1854 S.223 und 1859 S241) zit. bei Thomas Raithel)</ref>]]
[[File:Auswanderung-aus-deutschland.svg|thumb|400px|left|German Emigration to America (1820-1920)]]

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=== Listings ===
In the Kingdom of Bavaria, for the years up to 1870, every person willing to emigrate is published in the Königlich Bayerisches Intelligenzblatt für Mittelfranken (Bavarica Collection) in order to give creditors the opportunity to collect their claims beforehand.<ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=MTBNAAAAcAAJ&dq=Sommer+1816+Ernte+Ansbach&hl=de&pg=PA579&output=embed Ansbacher Morgenblatt 1847] (books.google.de)</ref>

Some emigrants to America from the Frankenhöhe shall be mentioned here:

{| class="wikitable"
!year        
!residence
!name
!state/ profession         
!Co-migrating family members         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Leutershausen         
|Johann Georg Heindel         
|Taglöhner         
|3         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Mittelramstadt         
|Konrad Prechtel         
|Taglöhner         
|4         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Weissenkirchberg         
|Georg Michael Unger         
|Schuhmacher         
|1         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Leutershausen                     
|Moritz Heß         
|Metzgermeister         
|2         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Sachsbach/Herrieden         
|Eva Maria Krug         
|            
|1         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Reichenau/Herrieden         
|Simon Eberlein         
|Hausbesitzer         
|2         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Winkel/Herrieden         
|Anna Barbara Reiter         
|led. Hirtentochter         
|-         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Kaudorf/Herrieden         
|Georg Michael Knörr         
|            
|-         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Lettenmühle/Reichenau         
|Helena Berbara Rohringer         
|            
|-         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Zumberg/Feuchtwangen         
|Maria Marg. Kunder         
|Bauernwitwe         
|3         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Wildenholz/Feuchtwangen         
|Joh. Georg Illig         
|Drechslermeister         
|1         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Dentlein/Feuchtwangen         
|Marg. Glasbrenner         
|ledige Taglöhnerin         
|1         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Aichenzell/Feuchtwangen         
|Wilh. Grüb         
|lediger Dienstknecht         
|-         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Kleinohrenbronn/Feuchtwangen         
|Mich. Georg Windsheimer         
|Gutsbesitzer         
|6         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Feuchtwangen         
|Maria Barb. Baier         
|ledigen Standes          
|-         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Erlmühle         
|Joh. Georg Kunder          
|Taglöhner         
|2         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Feuchtw.         
|Peter Eichner         
|Witwer u. Drechslermeister         
|2         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Sommerau/Feuchtw.         
|Carl Zur         
|Bäckermeister u. Brandweinbr.         
|6         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Erlmühle         
|Joh. Gg. Windsheimer         
|Leinwandhdlr.                     
|-         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Feuchtwangen         
|Eva Marg. Brunner         
|ledigen Standes         
|-         
|-
|'''1837'''         
|Kaudorf/Herrieden         
|Mar. Barb. Mack         
|ledige Gütlerstochter          
|1         
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''1839'''         
|Rothenburg         
|Johann Adam Schuh         
|ehem. Besitzer der Limbachsmühle         
|2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''1840'''         
|Leutershausen                     
|Georg Simon Reutelshöfer         
|Braumeister         
|6         
|-
|'''1840'''         
|Leutershausen         
|Georf Adam Stumpf         
|Schneidermeister         
|3         
|-
|'''1840'''         
|Leutershausen         
|Gg. Barhelmäs Gehring         
|Taglöhner         
|5         
|-
|'''1840'''         
|Leutershausen         
|Eva Barbara Hornung         
|Dienstmagd         
|-         
|-
|'''1840'''         
|Oberdachstetten         
|Johann Leonhard Mosmeyer         
|Schreinermeister         
|6         
|-
|'''1840'''         
|Unterbreitenau         
|Joh. Leonh. Ilgenfritz         
|lediger Bauernsohn         
|-         
|-
|            
|            
|            
|            
|            
|-
|'''1846'''         
|Sachsen (Leutershausen)         
|Maria Barbara Sperr         
|Schuhmacherswitwe         
|2         
|-
|'''1846'''         
|Leutershausen         
|Maria Marg. Mainzinger         
|ledige Hafnerstochter         
|-         
|-
|'''1846'''         
|Lauterbach         
|Joh. Jakob Schwarz         
|Dienstknecht         
|-         
|-
|'''1846'''         
|Lauterbach         
|Jakob Schwarz         
|Dienstknecht         
|-         
|-
|            
|            
|            
|            
|            
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Leutershausen         
|Joh. Christ. Mainzinger          
|Hafnermeister         
|6         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Leutershausen         
|Joh. Leonh. Wägmann          
|Bäckermeister         
|3         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Jochsberg         
|Joh. Mich. Fluhrer         
|Schmiedmeister         
|3         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Klonsbach         
|Joh. Georg Thürauf         
|Wirth         
|6         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Klonsbach         
|Joh. Bernhard Billenstein         
|Bauer                     
|3         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Cadolzhofen         
|Georg Marr Carl         
|Köbler         
|4         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Gastenfelden         
|Friedrich Stibor         
|Schreinermeister         
|2         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Frommetsfelden         
|Johann Georg Krug         
|Taglöhner                     
|1         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Wassertrüdingen         
|Moses Levi Hecht         
|Landkramhändler         
|3         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Leutershausen                     
|Georg Peter Friedlein         
|vormaliger Wirth         
|3         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Oberdachstetten         
|Anna Maria Weiß         
|ledig         
|3         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Steinach/Rothenburg         
|Anna Margaretha Baumgärtner         
|ledige Chirurgentochter          
|-         
|-
|            
|            
|            
|            
|            
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Bettenfeld         
|Magdalena Barbara Kurz         
|Tochter des Bauern Joh. Leonhard Kurz         
|-         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Lehrberg         
|Joseph Oettinger          
|Seifensieder                     
|3         
|-
|'''1847'''         
|Schillingsfürst         
|Willibald Hämmerlein         
|Maurergeselle                     
|1         
|} 

<div style="float:right;margin-left:1em; padding: 0.5em;width:30em; background:#FFF0A2;"><span style="font-size:2em;text-align:center;display:block;">Für Auswanderer nach Amerika</span> 
Durch Unterzeichneten von der Regierung angestellten und beeidigten Schiffsexpedienten werden Auswanderer nach Amerika zu dem billigen Preise von 80 fl einschließlich vollständiger Bekoestigung befoerdert. 
<span style="font-size:2em;text-align:center;display:block;">H. August Heineken in Bremen</span>
Herr Kaufmann C. Pullich in Nördlingen wird die Güte haben, auf gefällige Anfragen nähere Auskunft zu ertheilen.</div>
The emigrants belonged to very different social classes. From some data, as for example the single with child or the servants one may deduce a reason for emigration. 

In the 1830s - 1840s, shipping companies and agents from North America, who were accredited in Bavaria, advertised for emigrants. On the right, only one example from the "Wochenblatt der Stadt Nördlingen" of 1848.
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=== Death and Failure ===

Not all emigrants reached their destination. Thus, for the community of Geslau, Castlegarden in the USA noted under the date of arrival at the emigrant file:<ref>[http://www.castlegarden.org/searcher.php castlegarden.org Search Passenger Lists]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Date of Arrival
!Last Name, First Name
!Age
!Place of last residence
!Profession
!Port of Departure
!Ship
!Destination
|-
|11. Aug. 1845
|Gesch, Magdalena
|46
|Geslau
|Farmer
|Bremen
|Cumberland
|Died on Board
|-
|11. Aug. 1845
|Gesch, Simon
|55
|Geslau
|Farmer
|Bremen
|Cumberlamd
|Died on Board
|}

== The Journey ==
=== Steerage ===
[[File:Alfred Stieglitz - The Steerage - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|500px|The Steerage by Alfred Stieglitz. Taken in 1907 on the Kaiser Wilhelm II The middle-class passengers on the upper deck are looking down, literally and metaphorically, on steerage passengers below.]]
Steerage is a term for the lowest category of passenger accommodation in a ship. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century considerable numbers of persons travelled from their homeland to seek a new life elsewhere, in many cases North America and Australia. Many of those people were destitute in their homeland and had the minimum of resources to pay for transportation. 

A commentator described conditions in steerage aboard the SS Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1906:

{{Zitat-en|900 steerage passengers [are] crowded into the hold of ... the Kaiser Wilhelm II, of the North German Lloyd line[. They] are positively packed like cattle, making a walk on deck when the weather is good, absolutely impossible, while to breathe clean air below in rough weather, when the hatches are down is an equal impossibility. The stenches become unbearable... [and the] division between the sexes is not carefully looked after, and the young women who are quartered among the married passengers have neither the privacy to which they are entitled nor are they much more protected than if they were living promiscuously. 

The food, which is miserable, is dealt out of huge kettles into the dinner pails provided by the steamship company.|Steiner, Edward A. (1906). "The Fellowship of the Steerage"<ref>Steiner, Edward A. (1906). [https://books.google.de/books/about/On_the_Trail_of_The_Immigrant.html?id=tQUm2UB-eRAC&pg=PA35&redir_esc=y "The Fellowship of the Steerage"]. On the Trail of The Immigrant. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company. pp. 35–38. OCLC 1111830971. OL 7055344M.</ref> }}


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{{Goodbye Bayern}}

== Sources ==
Die vorliegende Seite wurde von Bernhard Heim, Rothenburg 2004 verfasst und in der [http://www.zum.de/bheim/frankenhoehe/geslau/html/zu-_und_abwanderung.html ZUM-Classic] veröffentlicht. 2022 wurde sie mit seiner Genehmigung ins ZUM-Unterrichten-Wiki übernommen und überarbeitet.
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