Goodbye Deutschland/Das Jahr ohne Sommer: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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[[File:Tambora volcano.jpg|miniatur|300px|Vulkan Tambora]]
{{aufgabe|Betrachte die beiden Bilder.
# Beschreibe, was Du siehst!
# Erkläre, was den Reiz und die Besonderheit der beiden Bilder ausmacht!}}
[[File:Joseph Mallord William Turner - Flint Castle.jpg|950px]]
 
[[File:Friedrich-Sunset.jpg|950px]]
 
{{zitat|„Seltsame Streifen, Dunstschwaden und glutrote Sonnenuntergänge schienen 1816/17 das Unheil bereits anzukündigen. “|Caspar David Friedrich, 1817}}
 
== In einem fernen Land ==
{{aufgabe-en|Read the two sources.
# Describe what happened with Mount Tambora.
# Explain why this also affected Europe.}}
 
{{zitat|'''M2 Dust haze'''
 
"Volcanic dust and debris, when hurled 20 to 40 km or higher, interferes with the incidence of sunlight. The solid particles suspended in the atmosphere, the dust and haze, interrupt, absorb, scatter and reflect the short-wave solar rays back into space. The particles that remain up there for a period of one to two years account for most of this. This process is known as the reverse greenhouse effect; it results in a drop in air temperature." |The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World. By John D. Post. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1977. Pp xv, 240}}
 
{{zitat|'''M3 Summer of 1816'''
 
Why was the summer of 1816 so different? Why was there so little warmth and sunshine in Europe and North America? The answer could be found on the other side of the planet - at Indonesia’s Mount Tambora.
 
On April 5, 1815, Mount Tambora, a volcano, started to rumble with activity. Over the following four months the volcano exploded - the largest volcanic explosion in recorded history. Many people close to the volcano lost their lives in the event. Mount Tambora ejected so much ash and aerosols into the atmosphere that the sky darkened and the Sun was blocked from view. The large particles spewed by the volcano fell to the ground nearby, covering towns with enough ash to collapse homes. There are reports that several feet of ash was floating on the ocean surface in the region. Ships had to plow through it to get from place to place.
 
But the smaller particles spewed by the volcano were light enough to spread through the atmosphere over the following months and had a worldwide effect on climate. They made their way into the stratosphere, where they could distribute around the world more easily. Earth’s average global temperature dropped three degrees Celsius. The effect was temporary. Eventually, even the smallest particles of ash and aerosols released by the volcano fell out of the atmosphere, letting in the sunshine.
 
The Year Without a Summer had many impacts in Europe and North America. Crops were killed - either by frost or a lack of sunshine. This caused food to be scarce, and caused farmers who were able to grow crops to fear that they would be robbed. The lack of  successful crops that summer made the food which was grown more valuable, and the price of food climbed. Because the price of oats increased, it was more expensive for people to feed their horses. Horses were the main method of transportation, so with expensive oats, the cost of travel increased. This may have been one of the factors that inspired a German man named Karl Drais to invent a way to get around without a horse: the bicycle.
 
The gloomy summer weather also inspired writers. During that summer-less summer, Mary Shelley, her husband, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, and poet Lord Byron were on vacation at Lake Geneva. While trapped indoors for days by constant rain and gloomy skies, the writers described the bleak, dark environment of the time in their own ways. Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein, a horror novel set in an often stormy environment. Lord Byron wrote the poem Darkness, which begins, “I had a dream, which was not all a dream. The bright sun was extinguish’d.”|}}
 
 
== Meteorologie ==
Der derzeitige Klimawandel ist in aller Munde. Doch auch in historischer Zeit hat sich das Klima sehr entscheidend geändert, allerdings überwiegend durch natürliche Einflüsse:  
Der derzeitige Klimawandel ist in aller Munde. Doch auch in historischer Zeit hat sich das Klima sehr entscheidend geändert, allerdings überwiegend durch natürliche Einflüsse:  


*die Änderung der Erdbahnparameter
* die Änderung der Erdbahnparameter
*die Sonnenfleckentätigkeit und
* die Sonnenfleckentätigkeit und
*die Aktivität von Vulkanen.
* die Aktivität von Vulkanen.
 
Eine zweiteilige Folge von "Terra X" zum Thema "[https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/terra-x/klima-macht-geschichte-2-108.html Klima macht Geschichte"] verdeutlicht, wie stark das Schicksal des Menschen selbst vom natürlichen Klimawandel abhängig ist.
 
{{aufgabe|Betrachte die beiden Bilder.
# Beschreibe, was Du siehst!
# Erkläre die Temperaturwerte in Deutschland in  den Jahren 1815, 1816 and 1817. Vergleiche mit den anderen Jahren!}}


Eine zweiteilige Folge von "Terra X" zum Thema "[https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/terra-x/klima-macht-geschichte-2-108.html Klima macht Geschichte"] verdeutlicht, wie stark das  Schicksal des Menschen selbst vom natürlichen Klimawandel abhängig ist.
[[File:1816 summer.png|950px]]
 
[[File:Temperaturreihe_Deutschland%2C_Jahr%2C_30-10.PNG|950px]]


2015 jährte sich der Ausbruch des Tambora zum 200. mal, der auch für Europa eine Katastrophe bedeutete.
{{clear}}
{{clear}}
{{goodbye Deutschland}}
[[File:Tambora volcano.jpg|miniatur|300px|Vulkan Tambora]]


==Ausbruch==
==Ausbruch==
Zeile 39: Zeile 82:
*{{wpde|Tambora}}
*{{wpde|Tambora}}
*{{wpde|Jahr ohne Sommer}}
*{{wpde|Jahr ohne Sommer}}
*[http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/vor-200-jahren-brach-der-vulkan-tambora-aus-13524316.html?printPagedArticle=true#pageIndex_2 Die Eruption, die Europa zittern ließ] FAZ 2015
 
*{{ZUM.de}} [[:zum.de:bheim/frankenhoehe/geslau/html/historisches_klima.html|Historisches Klima und Erntemengenentwicklung sowie Auswanderung (auf der Frankenhöhe, Entwurf)]]
*[[File:Google Maps.svg|50px]] Maps-Tour rund um den Tambora [https://www.google.de/maps/place/Sumbawa,+Indonesien/@-8.2472875,117.9583627,46a,74.6y,89.19t/data=!3m5!1e4!3m3!1s0x2dca2ce36910d79b:0x939651610d8ff4ba!2e0!3e18!4m2!3m1!1s0x2dca4d68d22b8d27:0x82a1915875a8c41c]
*[http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10375831-5 Über Höhenrauch - Astronomischer Kalender 1851 für das Königreich Bayern, S. 246 ff - Bayerische Landesbibliothek München]
*[http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10375831-5 Über Höhenrauch - Astronomischer Kalender 1851 für das Königreich Bayern, S. 246 ff - Bayerische Landesbibliothek München]
*[http://www.winterplanet.de/Sommer1816/Jos-Teil1.html 1816 Das Jahr ohne Sommer und weitere Klimanomalien - www.winterplanet.de]
*[http://www.winterplanet.de/Sommer1816/Jos-Teil1.html 1816 Das Jahr ohne Sommer und weitere Klimanomalien - www.winterplanet.de]
*[https://www.tambora.org/index.php TAMBORA - Historische Kimadatenbank - Forschungsprojekt]
*[https://www.tambora.org/index.php TAMBORA - Historische Kimadatenbank - Forschungsprojekt]


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[[Kategorie:Geographie]]
[[Kategorie:Geographie]]
[[Kategorie:Lithosphäre]]
[[Kategorie:Sekundarstufe 2]]

Version vom 7. Mai 2022, 15:17 Uhr

Aufgabe

Betrachte die beiden Bilder.

  1. Beschreibe, was Du siehst!
  2. Erkläre, was den Reiz und die Besonderheit der beiden Bilder ausmacht!

Joseph Mallord William Turner - Flint Castle.jpg

Friedrich-Sunset.jpg

Zitat
„Seltsame Streifen, Dunstschwaden und glutrote Sonnenuntergänge schienen 1816/17 das Unheil bereits anzukündigen. “
Caspar David Friedrich, 1817

In einem fernen Land

Task

Read the two sources.

  1. Describe what happened with Mount Tambora.
  2. Explain why this also affected Europe.



Zitat
M2 Dust haze "Volcanic dust and debris, when hurled 20 to 40 km or higher, interferes with the incidence of sunlight. The solid particles suspended in the atmosphere, the dust and haze, interrupt, absorb, scatter and reflect the short-wave solar rays back into space. The particles that remain up there for a period of one to two years account for most of this. This process is known as the reverse greenhouse effect; it results in a drop in air temperature."
The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World. By John D. Post. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1977. Pp xv, 240
Zitat
M3 Summer of 1816

Why was the summer of 1816 so different? Why was there so little warmth and sunshine in Europe and North America? The answer could be found on the other side of the planet - at Indonesia’s Mount Tambora.

On April 5, 1815, Mount Tambora, a volcano, started to rumble with activity. Over the following four months the volcano exploded - the largest volcanic explosion in recorded history. Many people close to the volcano lost their lives in the event. Mount Tambora ejected so much ash and aerosols into the atmosphere that the sky darkened and the Sun was blocked from view. The large particles spewed by the volcano fell to the ground nearby, covering towns with enough ash to collapse homes. There are reports that several feet of ash was floating on the ocean surface in the region. Ships had to plow through it to get from place to place.

But the smaller particles spewed by the volcano were light enough to spread through the atmosphere over the following months and had a worldwide effect on climate. They made their way into the stratosphere, where they could distribute around the world more easily. Earth’s average global temperature dropped three degrees Celsius. The effect was temporary. Eventually, even the smallest particles of ash and aerosols released by the volcano fell out of the atmosphere, letting in the sunshine.

The Year Without a Summer had many impacts in Europe and North America. Crops were killed - either by frost or a lack of sunshine. This caused food to be scarce, and caused farmers who were able to grow crops to fear that they would be robbed. The lack of  successful crops that summer made the food which was grown more valuable, and the price of food climbed. Because the price of oats increased, it was more expensive for people to feed their horses. Horses were the main method of transportation, so with expensive oats, the cost of travel increased. This may have been one of the factors that inspired a German man named Karl Drais to invent a way to get around without a horse: the bicycle.

The gloomy summer weather also inspired writers. During that summer-less summer, Mary Shelley, her husband, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, and poet Lord Byron were on vacation at Lake Geneva. While trapped indoors for days by constant rain and gloomy skies, the writers described the bleak, dark environment of the time in their own ways. Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein, a horror novel set in an often stormy environment. Lord Byron wrote the poem Darkness, which begins, “I had a dream, which was not all a dream. The bright sun was extinguish’d.”


Meteorologie

Der derzeitige Klimawandel ist in aller Munde. Doch auch in historischer Zeit hat sich das Klima sehr entscheidend geändert, allerdings überwiegend durch natürliche Einflüsse:

  • die Änderung der Erdbahnparameter
  • die Sonnenfleckentätigkeit und
  • die Aktivität von Vulkanen.

Eine zweiteilige Folge von "Terra X" zum Thema "Klima macht Geschichte" verdeutlicht, wie stark das Schicksal des Menschen selbst vom natürlichen Klimawandel abhängig ist.


Aufgabe

Betrachte die beiden Bilder.

  1. Beschreibe, was Du siehst!
  2. Erkläre die Temperaturwerte in Deutschland in den Jahren 1815, 1816 and 1817. Vergleiche mit den anderen Jahren!

1816 summer.png

Temperaturreihe Deutschland, Jahr, 30-10.PNG



Vulkan Tambora


Ausbruch

Vor 200 Jahren, mitten in der sogenannten "Kleinen Eiszeit"Wikipedia-logo.png brach auf der indonesischen Insel Sumbawa der Vulkan Tambora aus.

Folgen

Er war eines in der jüngeren historischen Zeit das Klima der folgenden Jahre stark beeinflussenden Ereignisse:

  • das folgende Jahr wurde als "das Jahr ohne Sommer" bezeichnet.

Das klingt aus heutiger Sicht verharmlosend. Doch es führte zu weltweiten klimatischen Auswirkungen und Hungerkatastrophen auf der nördlichen Halbkugel.

Auch die folgenden Jahr(zehnte) waren problematisch und führten mit zu der ersten großen Auswanderungswelle nach Nordamerika.

Kupferstich in der Vorderseite der Zinn-Medaille auf die Hungersnot und Teuerung, 1816 und 1817, Medailleur Johann Thomas Stettner (1785-1872), Lebensmittelpreise 1816


Erntebeschreibung aus dem Baltikum 1816


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