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'''''1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus''''' is a 2005 non-fiction book by American author and science writer Charles C. Mann about the pre-Columbian Americas. It was the 2006 winner of the National Academies Communication Award for best creative work that helps the public understanding of topics in science, engineering or medicine. | '''''1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus''''' is a 2005 non-fiction book by American author and science writer Charles C. Mann about the pre-Columbian Americas. It was the 2006 winner of the National Academies Communication Award for best creative work that helps the public understanding of topics in science, engineering or medicine. | ||
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To the Pilgrims' astonishment, one of the corpses they exhumed on Cape Cod had blond hair. A French ship had been wrecked there several years earlier. The Patuxet Indians imprisoned a few survivors. One of them supposedly learned enough of the local language to inform his captors that God would destroy them for their misdeeds. The Patuxet scoffed at the threat. But the Europeans carried a disease, and they bequeathed it to their jailers. The epidemic (probably of viral hepatitis, according to a study by Arthur E. Spiess, an archaeologist at the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, and Bruce D. Spiess, the director of clinical research at the Medical College of Virginia) took years to exhaust itself and may have killed 90 percent of the people in coastal New England. It made a huge difference to American history. "The good hand of God favored our beginnings," Bradford mused, by "sweeping away great multitudes of the natives ... that he might make room for us." | To the Pilgrims' astonishment, one of the corpses they exhumed on Cape Cod had blond hair. A French ship had been wrecked there several years earlier. The Patuxet Indians imprisoned a few survivors. One of them supposedly learned enough of the local language to inform his captors that God would destroy them for their misdeeds. The Patuxet scoffed at the threat. But the Europeans carried a disease, and they bequeathed it to their jailers. The epidemic (probably of viral hepatitis, according to a study by Arthur E. Spiess, an archaeologist at the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, and Bruce D. Spiess, the director of clinical research at the Medical College of Virginia) took years to exhaust itself and may have killed 90 percent of the people in coastal New England. It made a huge difference to American history. "The good hand of God favored our beginnings," Bradford mused, by "sweeping away great multitudes of the natives ... that he might make room for us." | ||
|[AtlanticMonthly: [http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Chumash/Population.html Population]}} | |[AtlanticMonthly: [http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Chumash/Population.html Population] by Charles C. Mann, 2002}} | ||
== Measles == | == Measles == | ||
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Measles is of zoonotic origins, having evolved from rinderpest, which infects cattle. It began causing infections in humans as early as the 4th century BC or as late as after AD 500. The first systematic description of measles, and its distinction from smallpox and chickenpox, is credited to the Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (860–932), who published ''The Book of Smallpox and Measles''. At the time of Razi's book, it is believed that outbreaks were still limited and that the virus was not fully adapted to humans. Sometime between AD 1100 and 1200, the measles virus fully diverged from rinderpest, becoming a distinct virus that infects humans. This agrees with the observation that measles requires a susceptible population of >500,000 to sustain an epidemic, a situation that occurred in historic times following the growth of medieval European cities. | Measles is of zoonotic origins, having evolved from rinderpest, which infects cattle. It began causing infections in humans as early as the 4th century BC or as late as after AD 500. The first systematic description of measles, and its distinction from smallpox and chickenpox, is credited to the Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (860–932), who published ''The Book of Smallpox and Measles''. At the time of Razi's book, it is believed that outbreaks were still limited and that the virus was not fully adapted to humans. Sometime between AD 1100 and 1200, the measles virus fully diverged from rinderpest, becoming a distinct virus that infects humans. This agrees with the observation that measles requires a susceptible population of >500,000 to sustain an epidemic, a situation that occurred in historic times following the growth of medieval European cities. | ||
Measles is an endemic disease, meaning it has been continually present in a community and many people develop resistance. In populations not exposed to measles, exposure to the new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of those indigenous people who had previously survived smallpox. Two years later, measles was responsible for the deaths of half the population of Honduras, and it has ravaged Mexico, Central America, and the Inca civilization.|{{wpen|Measles#History}} | Measles is an endemic disease, meaning it has been continually present in a community and many people develop resistance. In populations not exposed to measles, exposure to the new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of those indigenous people who had previously survived smallpox. Two years later, measles was responsible for the deaths of half the population of Honduras, and it has ravaged Mexico, Central America, and the Inca civilization.|{{wpen|Measles#History}}}} | ||
{{Age of Discovery}} | |||
== Weblinks == | == Weblinks == | ||
* NyTimes: [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/books/review/1491-vanished-americans.html '1491': Vanished Americans] | * NyTimes: [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/books/review/1491-vanished-americans.html '1491': Vanished Americans] | ||
* AtlanticMonthly: [http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Chumash/Population.html Population] von Charles C. Mann | * AtlanticMonthly: [http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Chumash/Population.html Population] von Charles C. Mann | ||
Version vom 18. Februar 2021, 06:24 Uhr
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus is a 2005 non-fiction book by American author and science writer Charles C. Mann about the pre-Columbian Americas. It was the 2006 winner of the National Academies Communication Award for best creative work that helps the public understanding of topics in science, engineering or medicine.
Task
- Look at the linked web pages.
- Numbers from nowhere(English)
- Very old Bones(English)
- Landscap with figures(English)
Forest Gardening(English) (Compare with the German version - link in left sidebar)
- Read the passages and write a short summary.
Measles
Weblinks
- NyTimes: '1491': Vanished Americans
- AtlanticMonthly: Population von Charles C. Mann